The Colosseum 罗马斗兽场

 

 

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Amphitheatrum Flavium is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire, built of concrete and stone. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.

 

Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started in 72 AD under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,[3] with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name.

 

Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.

 

Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.

 

意大利古罗马竞技场罗马斗兽场

罗马斗兽场，亦译作罗马大角斗场、罗马竞技场、罗马圆形竞技场、科洛西姆、哥罗塞姆，原名弗莱文圆形剧场（Amphitheatrum Flavium），建于公元72至82年间，是古罗马文明的象征。遗址位于意大利首都罗马市中心，它在威尼斯广场的南面，古罗马市场附近。从外观上看，它呈正圆形；俯瞰时，它是椭圆形的。它的占地面积约2万平方米，最大直径为188米，小直径为156米，圆周长527米，围墙高57米，这座庞大的建筑可以容纳近九万人数的观众。

意大利古罗马竞技场罗马斗兽场（Colosseum）是古罗马帝国专供奴隶主、贵族和自由民观看斗兽或奴隶角斗的地方。
罗马斗兽场是在公元72年，罗马皇帝韦帕芗为庆祝征服耶路撒冷的胜利，由强迫沦为奴隶的八万犹太和阿拉伯俘虏修建而成的。　还有一种说法是，将俘虏来的奴隶卖给当地的罗马人，获得了巨大的收入，从而得以支持斗兽场建造的庞大支出。

Castel Sant'Angelo 聖天使城堡

 

聖天使城堡是意大利羅馬的一座城堡，由羅馬帝國皇帝哈德良於135年至139年期間興建，作為自己及其家人之陵墓。該建築位於台伯河畔，鄰近梵蒂岡教廷，聖天使城堡首先作为阻止西哥特人和东哥德人入侵的要塞，然后是作为监狱，最后改建成一座华丽的罗马教皇宫殿。現已成為博物館的用途，也成為當地的旅遊景點之一。公元6世紀教宗格列哥里一世巡游經過此地，見到天使長弥额尔顯像，城堡因而得名。

The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo (English: Castle of the Holy Angel), is a towering cylindrical building in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy. It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family. The building was later used by the popes as a fortress and castle, and is now a museum.

Vatican 梵蒂冈

 

 

Vatican City or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of just over 800.

 

Vatican City was established as an independent state in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, signed by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Vatican City State is distinct from the Holy See, which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. Ordinances of Vatican City are published in Italian; official documents of the Holy See are issued mainly in Latin. The two entities have distinct passports: the Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City State issues normal passports. In each case very few passports are issued.

 

 

The Lateran Treaty in 1929, which brought the city-state into existence, spoke of it as a new creation (Preamble and Article III), not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870) that had previously encompassed much of central Italy. Most of this territory was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, and the final portion, namely the city of Rome with Lazio, ten years later, in 1870.

 

 

Vatican City is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchica state, ruled by the Bishop of Rome—the Pope. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergymen of various national origins. It is the sovereign territory of the Holy See (Sancta Sedes) and the location of the Pope's residence, referred to as the Apostolic Palace.

 

The Popes have generally resided in the area that in 1929 became Vatican City since the return from Avignon in 1377, but have also at times resided in the Quirinal Palace in Rome and elsewhere. Previously, they resided in the Lateran Palace on the Caelian Hill on the far side of Rome from the Vatican. Emperor Constantine gave this site to Pope Miltiades in 313. The signing of the agreements that established the new state took place in the latter building, giving rise to the name of Lateran Pacts, by which they are known.

 

 

梵蒂冈城国简称梵蒂冈，是当今世界上最小的国家，是欧洲一个独立的主权国家。同时也是全世界天主教的中心——以教皇为首的罗马教廷的所在地。位于意大利首都罗马西北角呈三角形的梵蒂冈高地上。除东边的圣彼得广场外，三面都有城墙环绕。它地处台伯河右岸，以四周城墙为国界。简言之，城，是梵蒂冈的首都，亦即国家，故曰“城国”。面积0.44平方公里，国中宫院、教堂、图书馆、邮局、电台、火车站、飞机场等设施一应俱全。人口830人，另有3000名雇员。官方语言为意大利语和拉丁语。梵蒂冈原为中世纪教皇国的中心。1870年教皇国的领地统一于意大利王国后，教皇退居梵蒂冈。1929年意大利政府同教皇签订《拉特兰条约》，承认梵蒂冈主权属教皇。有自己的货币、邮政、电讯、民政机构。在许多国家有大量的土地和投资，又有大量黄金和外汇储备，是一个庞大的国际金融托拉斯。境内有圣彼得大教堂、梵蒂冈宫等宫廷建筑，内有米开朗琪罗的壁画；梵蒂冈博物馆、图书馆与美术馆藏有中世纪和文艺复兴时期以来的珍贵文物和艺术作品。

 

 

 

 

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