Vatican 梵蒂冈

 

 

Vatican City or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of just over 800.

 

Vatican City was established as an independent state in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, signed by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Vatican City State is distinct from the Holy See, which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. Ordinances of Vatican City are published in Italian; official documents of the Holy See are issued mainly in Latin. The two entities have distinct passports: the Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City State issues normal passports. In each case very few passports are issued.

 

 

The Lateran Treaty in 1929, which brought the city-state into existence, spoke of it as a new creation (Preamble and Article III), not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870) that had previously encompassed much of central Italy. Most of this territory was absorbed into the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, and the final portion, namely the city of Rome with Lazio, ten years later, in 1870.

 

 

Vatican City is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchica state, ruled by the Bishop of Rome—the Pope. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergymen of various national origins. It is the sovereign territory of the Holy See (Sancta Sedes) and the location of the Pope's residence, referred to as the Apostolic Palace.

 

The Popes have generally resided in the area that in 1929 became Vatican City since the return from Avignon in 1377, but have also at times resided in the Quirinal Palace in Rome and elsewhere. Previously, they resided in the Lateran Palace on the Caelian Hill on the far side of Rome from the Vatican. Emperor Constantine gave this site to Pope Miltiades in 313. The signing of the agreements that established the new state took place in the latter building, giving rise to the name of Lateran Pacts, by which they are known.

 

 

梵蒂冈城国简称梵蒂冈，是当今世界上最小的国家，是欧洲一个独立的主权国家。同时也是全世界天主教的中心——以教皇为首的罗马教廷的所在地。位于意大利首都罗马西北角呈三角形的梵蒂冈高地上。除东边的圣彼得广场外，三面都有城墙环绕。它地处台伯河右岸，以四周城墙为国界。简言之，城，是梵蒂冈的首都，亦即国家，故曰“城国”。面积0.44平方公里，国中宫院、教堂、图书馆、邮局、电台、火车站、飞机场等设施一应俱全。人口830人，另有3000名雇员。官方语言为意大利语和拉丁语。梵蒂冈原为中世纪教皇国的中心。1870年教皇国的领地统一于意大利王国后，教皇退居梵蒂冈。1929年意大利政府同教皇签订《拉特兰条约》，承认梵蒂冈主权属教皇。有自己的货币、邮政、电讯、民政机构。在许多国家有大量的土地和投资，又有大量黄金和外汇储备，是一个庞大的国际金融托拉斯。境内有圣彼得大教堂、梵蒂冈宫等宫廷建筑，内有米开朗琪罗的壁画；梵蒂冈博物馆、图书馆与美术馆藏有中世纪和文艺复兴时期以来的珍贵文物和艺术作品。

 

 

 

 

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